E. Aghaie, M. Pazouki, M.R. Hosseini, M. Ranjbar, F. Ghavipanjeh, Response surface methodology (RSM) analysis of organic acid production for kaolin beneficiation by Aspergillus niger, Chemical Engineering Journal (2009) 147:245–251.

In the present investigation, Aspergillus niger isolated from pistachio shell was applied to remove iron impurities from an Iranian kaolin sample. In order to study the effects of initial pH, sucrose and spore concentration on oxalic and citric acid production, and consequently iron dissolution, response surface methodologybasedonafive-level,three-variablecentralcompositedesignofexperimentswasemployed. Three models were suggested to predict response values based on the mentioned variables. The most importantvariablesonirondissolutionwereinitialpH,sucroseandsporeconcentration,respectively.Also, the highest iron concentration, 311.30mg/l, was obtained when initial pH was 2, sucrose concentration, 70g/l, and spore concentration, 35×107 spore/l, and represented the removal of 67.4% of the total iron contents of the clay.